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Pertinent, especially as Tim Machan has shown that Henryson wasĪttempting more than a feat of simple translation from one language toĪnother when he embarked on his version of Aesop. Place occupied by Aesop's Fables in the Middle Ages remains None the less, Fox's reminder of the important 'unimportant and almost sub-literary genre' of animal fable isīeginning to achieve new respect (due in part to the advent ofĮcocriticism and the separate rising interest in fable generally) andĬhildren's literature is gaining ground as a genre worthy ofĬritical attention. Reputation.' (3) Now, nearly a quarter of a century later, the Literature, it is worth remembering that they formerly had a much higher
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'Since Aesopic fables are now thought to belong to an unimportantĪnd almost sub-literary genre, or to be a species of children's Denton Fox comments in his 1981 edition of Henryson: The genre of animal fable has itself been subjected to redefinition Protagonists undergo, but its underlying image of a straight line isĬhallenged by the more complex conflation of human and animal world at Tracking the stages of translation from mouse to human and back that the Henryson's Moral Fables, probably written in the last quarter of Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, as it is found in Robert The particular fable I shall discuss here is the Members of their particular species thus alters from story to story,įrom version to version, and even within the space of a particular The extent to which the animals are fully realized as Itself, such as the immediate context of a phrase or an extra-textualĪssociation. Such movement may result from an author's decision,Ĭonscious or unconscious, or from observable effects of the language (2) Characters within a fable do not have to remainįixed at one point on this scale they may move to and fro between the (1) Recently Malcolm Pittock has further suggested thatĪnimal fables can be read in terms of a scale with human at one end andĪnimal at the other. Henryson's fabular world as dependant on the rhetorical device of Humans into mice builds on Denton Fox's description of This concept of the fable asĪ conflated realm which results from translating mice into humans and Here, the world of mice or that of humans. The threads may be elements from previous versions of the fables as wellĪs those that come directly from, to take the case under discussion Supposedly distinct realms are thus shown to be interwoven, and among Particular realm into a composite world, to which, as is the way withĪll translations, they bring some elements of their original habitat. SoĬharacters within a fable find themselves translated out of their usual Relevance in the world of the fable, the moral has no application.
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The moral of the fable would have no bite yet if human values have no Were it possible to dismiss the animal world as inferior, This lack of preference is fundamental to the wayįables work. In either case the fable itself is aĬomposite space partaking of both the animal and the human world without Mouse berates the other for getting above herself and forgetting the old Mice run from cats or people sometimes they are invented, as when one Sometimes those contexts are familiar, as when Which animal reactions and observed behaviour can be represented and Reactions from the human world into the animal, and create contexts in It is a two-way process as we transpose motives and Know to be physically impossible or suspect to be inappropriate to theĪnimals concerned. Simplest form these fables enable, or may require, us to move with easeīetween the human and non-human worlds, accommodating elements that we There is one kind of translation to which we are all wellĪccustomed: the one we perform when we read animal fables. The form leaves him with a problem to resolve as he must return to the Of translation available to an expert fabulist, but his dexterity with Henryson's rendition of theįable of the town mouse and the country mouse demonstrates the variety Animal fables are sites of this kind of translationĪs they amalgamate human and animal worlds, shifting their charactersīetween animal and human identities in ways designed to make the reader Translation occurs not only between languages, but also between